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The Jumpstart Opportunities to Unleash Leadership in Energy Storage with 1K Energy Storage Systems (JOULES-1K) Phase 2 Program (previously Pioneering Railroad, Oceanic and Plane ELectrification with 1K energy storage systems [PROPEL-1K]) are projects chosen from Phase 1 of the JOULES-1K program which show the most promise of developing novel energy storage to support drones, robots, Electrical Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and other applications that would benefit from ultra-high-density storage systems.

This Fourth Amended Determination follows the approval of additional funding, extended period of performance, a new project team member, and additional project milestones to support one project team's small-scale research and development activities to further advance their NuCycle used nuclear fuel recycling process under the Converting Used Nuclear Fuel (UNF) Radioisotopes Into Energy (CURIE) program.

Funding will support the project team's small-scale research and development of a "hot-plasma-cold-spray" process to convert natural gas directly into nano-graphene thin films for battery electrodes.

Funding will support the project team's small-scale research and development of fermentation technology based on a microbial co-culture approach to efficiently produce biofuels from various single-carbon (C1) feedstocks.

Funding will support the project team's small-scale research and development of a 3D radially additive diamond (RAD) printer designed to produce diamond-metal composite materials for use in plasma-facing structures capable of surviving the intense environment of fusion energy machines, plasma processing, and aerospace.

Funding will support the project team's small-scale research and development of solvent-free methods for manufacturing high-selectivity flow battery membranes using chemical vapor deposition, which could reduce costs and improve performance of redox flow batteries for utility scale grid storage and potential applications for metals separation and desalination.