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The electric grid faces reliability challenges and infrastructure limitations to accommodate dramatic increases in electricity demand from data centers, manufacturing, and electrification while maintaining affordable power for Americans.

AI will integrate and interpret genomics, multi-omics, imaging, dynamics, and phenomics data into embedded models to establish genotype–phenotype relationships, identify causal control points, and guide autonomous experimentation.

Building construction faces high costs and long timelines due to fragmented permitting and poor data interoperability.

Recent advancements in agentic and generative AI present opportunities to accelerate discovery and translational science.

Achieving aggressive EGS and hydrothermal resource deployment will require improving sub-economic naturally occurring hydrothermal systems or developing fully engineered geothermal reservoirs.

Subsurface access through drilled and completed wells is required for all forms of geothermal energy exploration, characterization, and development.

Microelectronics powers all aspects of our lives, including AI, but America faces intense global competition in critical microelectronics applications, including ultra-efficient semiconductors for AI computing, power electronics, and communication networks.

The high costs and risks associated with geothermal exploration are a major barrier to expanded development of both conventional hydrothermal and EGS resources.

Water availability is essential for expanding production and utilization of energy, as well as the nation’s health and security.