Below is the text version for the "45VH2-GREET Model" H2IQ Hour webinar held on January 26, 2024.
>>Kyle Hlavacek: Hello, and welcome to this month's H2IQ Hour for an overview of the 45VH2-GREET model, recently adopted by the U.S. Department of Treasury to help determine emission rates for Title 26 of the US Code Section 45V, Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit Purposes. My name is Kyle Hlavacek, with the Department of Energy's Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, supporting stakeholder engagement and other outreach activities. Go to the next slide.
Please be aware this WebEx webinar is being recorded and will be published online for our H2IQ webinar archives. If you experience technical issues today, please check your audio settings under the audio tab. If you continue experiencing issues, please send me a direct message.
There will be a Q&A session at the end of the presentation, and attendees have the opportunity to submit questions in the question box. An important note for today: this webinar and Q&A will not cover information about the 45V tax credit or eligibility. Questions about the 45V tax credit and eligibility should be directed to the Internal Revenue Service. Next slide.
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I will now hand it over to Neha Rustagi, DOE program manager for HFTO's Analysis and Codes and Standards subprogram, to introduce our topic and presenter. Neha, it's all yours.
>>Neha Rustagi: Okay. Thank you, Kyle. So within this webinar, as Kyle was noting, we will be describing how to use the 45VH2-GREET model. So we'll provide some background on how the model works. My colleague, Amgad Elgowainy, at Argonne National Laboratory, will do a demonstration of the model, will explain next steps for how it will be updated, and then will do some live Q&A.
So for some general background, 45VH2-GREET is the model that was adopted by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to characterize emissions in support of the Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit, under Title 6, Section 45V. So, Treasury's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking is available at the link here. And today's webinar will just be covering how to use the 45VH2-GREET tool. There's more information about the tool also available on DOE's GREET website, including FAQs, supporting documentation, as well as a help desk that you can contact for questions on how to use the model.
So as Kyle was mentioning, in today's webinar, and then also within the context of this help desk, we're only covering content with regard to how to use the 45VH2-GREET tool and questions in that scope. If you do have broader questions about the 45V tax credit or eligibility for the tax credit, please direct them to the Internal Revenue Service. We won't be covering those here.
So to start off, the 45VH2-GREET model characterizes emissions, life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, for a well-to-gate system boundary. The definition of that well-to-gate system boundary is available in the 45V Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, but this is an illustration of some examples of the emissions sources that are accounted for. So emissions sources include those associated with extracting feedstock, so for example, drilling for natural gas or coal; delivering that feedstock, either to a power generator or to the hydrogen production facility; generation of electricity, so for example, emissions associated with burning a feedstock and generating CO2 as a result; emissions at the hydrogen production facility, so for example, if you converted a feedstock into CO2 or fugitive emissions at the facility; emissions associated with capturing the CO2 and then delivering it; and then any potential leakage associated with sequestration.
So my colleague Amgad will explain how 45VH2-GREET captures this system boundary and the types of user inputs that can affect the results. So with that, Amgad, I will turn it over to you.
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Thank you, Neha, and hi, everyone. So, I will go over the 45VH2-GREET, explaining some of the features, important ones, and then we'll go through a demo, and then we'll turn it back to Neha to conclude, and then we'll have the Q&A.
So 45V-GREET can be downloaded from the website Neha put in the earlier slide. When you download the file, there will be two files that you'll see there. One is the 45VH2-GREET Excel file, and then the GREET1 file will be in a folder called GREET1_dependency.
So there is two things to note. One is the 45VH2-GREET basically will include the foreground data, the values that the users will input to characterize the well-to-gate emissions, and the—all the user input will be in that file, the 45VH2-GREET. This will be communicated to the GREET1 file in the folder you see there, and there it also will come back.
The GREET1 file in the GREET1_dependency will have all the background data. These are fixed assumptions. These are not changed by the user.
Examples of background data will be something like grid carbon intensity in different regions, for example, upstream methane emissions, among others. Examples of foreground data will be facility level data, for example, the amount of electricity, type of electricity, rate of carbon capture, amount/type of feedstock, for example. And these values will go directly into the 45VH2-GREET. Next slide, please.
So key features. One, you will see first on the left a list of hydrogen production technology pathways. So there, you will see the steam methane reforming, you will see the low-temperature electrolysis, high-temperature electrolysis, coal gasification, biomass gasification, and autothermal reforming.
Once you have selected the technology pathway, then the type of the feedstock as appropriate will show up. For example, for SMR and ATR, you will have landfill gas or fossil natural gas. For biomass, there are options for corn stover or forest residue. For electricity supplied to electrolyzer, you will see a grid mix, and you'll see certain regions there. There could be also a user-defined mix, where the user can specify a pathway, and if they specify a unique pathway, they will need to follow the guidance provided in the Notice for Proposed Rulemaking for the 45V. Next slide, please.
Also, it is important that all heating values provided for feedstocks, like natural gas or coal or biomass, will be in a lower heating value, so it is really a common [inaudible] that energy in this chemical feedstock should be provided in a lower heating value, I will go over more on that.
It is important that the default value for hydrogen pressure, 300 psi, which is consistent with about 20 bar. And if the user production pressure is different than 300 psia, then it will be changed there, and this will have a small impact, and I will show you how sensitive the results will be to that pressure. It is limited to 1 bar, which is basically the lowest possible, like 0 gauge, or 1 bar, to about 50 bar, or 725 psia.
Another feature that is important you will see on the right, and this will be important to specify by the user the purity level of the hydrogen. So if hydrogen is 99.99 pure, and there is .01 percent, for example, impurity, then they will specify this on that table there.
The impurity will have two impacts. One, it will impact the functional unit, or not all the kilograms of the product will be pure hydrogen, it will be slightly lower. And then if it is a carbon-containing impurity, of course, it enters into the carbon balance.
There is also a coproduct potential for several of the technologies and the feedstocks. For example, steam could be a coproduct with SMR or ATR. For pathways without carbon capture, the typical pathways for these is that they co-generate steam, if there is a CCS, will be used basically for the carbon capture unit.
So, if the user will pick CCS, then you will see the steam coproduct will default to zero. Also, there is an upper limit on the steam coproduct. I will show some examples of this when I do the demo.
Next, there is a feedstock properties block that the user may optionally change. For example, if they will specify certain carbon capture ratio that defines the carbon balance, using the default feedstock properties in GREET the user may need to change their feedstock properties, such as the heating value or the carbon ratio, and I will give some examples on that as well. Next slide, please.
So I will go through the demo. On the screen, you see there is a link in the green color here that you could use to download the model. It's a zip file. And then you unzip it, you see the two files I showed you earlier. So now I will go over—can I take over, Neha?
>>Neha Rustagi: Yes. Let me stop sharing.
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Let's see. Okay. Would you let me know if you see my screen?
>>Neha Rustagi: Yeah. You're good.
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Okay. So, when you unload the model, there is some instructions on how to—especially in the first, the start of the model, what to do. The 45VH2-GREET is compatible with Office 365, so an earlier version of Excel might not work. Also, the initial release was only compatible with the 64-bit version. I believe the most recent one was also compatible with the 32-bit version. It is important to run it from hard drive rather than a virtual drive or a cloud, so it is important that the files will be on hard drive before running.
Lastly, it is important to close any other Excel files, so that they do not slow down or interfere with the operation of the 45VH2-GREET.
And once you load the model and follow the instructions on the website Neha put earlier, you will see a copyright page. This is really basically the user agreement and some instructions on high level how to use the 45V, and then some color coding there. But the main page will be really that one, for the interface with the user.
The user will pick a year for the data that will be reported and will pick a technology pathway. I will start with a simple one, and then we'll go into others, so I will try to cover all pathways we see here.
So if I pick low temperature electrolysis, then the next thing that the user can input, their process level data. So their electrolysis, you will need power, you will enter the hydrogen amount, and this will be the pressure I mentioned earlier. But very important will be really the grid mix, so—and I will put some like numbers, I will assume for each kilogram, we'll use 63 kilowatt hours. Hydrogen will come at 300 psia. I want to use some grid mix, for example.
So currently, these are the available utility regions in grid, and the user can pick any one of these from that menu. The user can also define a mix. And as I mentioned earlier, if the user specifies a unique pathway, they have really to refer to the guidance in the Notice for Proposed Rulemaking on the energy attribute [inaudible].
So here, I will just put something. I will assume that the user will use some renewable, like wind or solar, and I will just for the sake of—I will assume that 10 percent is the minimum load for the electrolyzer, and this is just an assumption here. We can pick any region. We can pick the Texas region, for example. And it is important this will come to 100 percent.
Once the inputs are satisfied, then the user can click calculate, and then get a carbon intensity for that combination, like 90 percent renewable in this case, like solar or wind, and 10 percent from the local grid. But if you go 100 percent renewable, it will be [inaudible] zero. So this will apply to wind, solar, and hydro.
Now let me look at some key features. So one thing, you will see a comment there for this value. This value will be hydrogen plus impurities. This is what the comments say there. So hypothetically, and I will [inaudible] the impurity level. Again, this will be important to input. So if we have 99.99 percent, and only 0.01 here, so adds up to 100 percent, then you will see the number will slightly change, because now the functional unit is slightly lower compared to the previous one. So this will be for the total hydrogen plus impurities, and then the hydrogen purity, all other impurities will show up there.
If there is an impurity that is not in the table here, the user can add here, one or more, what is the mole fraction in the hydrogen gas stream, and then the average molecular weight for these. If it is a single one, it will be very straightforward.
Coming back to the hydrogen pressure, so this is the hydrogen pressure by default. As I mentioned earlier, this could be from 1 bar absolute to 50 bar, or as you see there, like if I put a number that is too high, actually, then the model will complain, you see this is the range here, 14.5 psia, which is roughly 1 bar, to 725, which is roughly 50 bar. So, if the user put a different value than the default, and they calculate, there will be a small reduction there. It may show or not show, depending whether you are really at the border of the second significant digit. It may impact or have a small impact. So, the impact of that is usually small.
Let me move to a different pathway. I will go over the high-temperature electrolysis, which is somewhat similar to the previous one. I mean, in here, we have electricity, like power, and then some thermal energy, so it is a combination of two. If I make the units consistent there, I will put here like some like dummy numbers for a kilogram of hydrogen, and this is really unique to the nuclear. So, in here, we assume both the electricity and the thermal energy will come from the nuclear reactor. And if we click calculate, we'll get really our carbon intensity there for that pathway.
If we have an oxygen coproduct, for example, this applies also to the low-temperature electrolysis, then we would be able to enter the amount there. So, whatever that amount might be, it will tell you that this is the total [inaudible] for what is possible for the oxygen, and if we click calculate, then we will be able to see the impact of the coproduct, so with and without the delta will be basically the impact on the carbon intensity of the hydrogen.
We can always reset and start from scratch. So I will go next, steam methane reforming, for example, and I will keep the feedstock as fossil natural gas. I will come back to the landfill gas, or a combination of both.
And then here, again, I will enter the value. Again, the units here must be lower heating value, so I will put like some estimate there. So, for each 9 kilograms, I need 1.4 million Btu. This is roughly 70 percent efficiency. I will put some value for the power. And here, steam coproduct.
So, steam coproduct is limited to certain values. If I put some significantly higher value, for example, you will see the model will complain, will tell you steam coproduct is limited only to 17.6 percent of the total energy in the hydrogen for the steam coproduct. So, the user can either do the math or just adjust this until really that cell is no longer complaining or not showing red.
There will be some credit for that, unless the user selects carbon capture and storage. And again, the assumption here is that the optimum design will use the byproduct steam for the carbon capture unit, and then you will see that value will default to zero.
Now if there is a carbon capture, then the user will specify how much carbon is captured. So I will put some value there. I mean, just hypothetically something. This one is okay, doesn't defy the carbon balance. This is relatively larger number, large percentage for carbon capture. If I do something higher, then you will see the model might complain, and you will see there that it defies the carbon balance. That does not necessarily mean that this number is wrong, especially if it is measured, but it may mean that the properties, default properties for natural gas, might not be consistent with the default properties for the user facility.
And in that case, the user can come back here and click on custom feedstock properties, and this will show up. And then the user can put the exact values. I mean, and if the values match, and the physics work, then that carbon capture will not defy the carbon balance.
So for example, if this is instead of 983, is 970, and the carbon ratio here is 74, for example. And so, I mean, I am just putting some dummy numbers just to show how these properties may impact this carbon capture rate. This is provided for information only, and it is only to check on the carbon balance.
So if we run that scenario, we'll get our carbon intensity for the hydrogen. I didn't go over that table before, so direct facility emissions, this is really what is coming out of the stack of the facility, in this case after the carbon capture. The indirect is the upstream emissions associated with the supply chain, in this case for the fossil natural gas.
CO2 is just directly CO2. And as we consider the other greenhouse gases, and short-lived there'll be some carbon containing species like CO, VOC, these will like convert in the atmosphere in a short time to CO2. And then we add the CH4, the N2O, and then we get really the GHG that's provided in that unit, but for simplistic, because most users would like to see it in per kilogram of hydrogen, we provide it also in a kilogram—per kilogram of hydrogen functional unit.
How this number can be reduced, one, is to look at the power. Power has some implication there. So, for example, like if I say user defined mix, and again, if the user follows the guidelines provided in the NPRM by Treasury and are able to qualify their energy attribute credits, I will put here, for example, hydro, 100 percent. So in that case, the number will go down, because rather than using grid mix, that 3.1 now dropped to 2.4. So, moving from certain regional mix into some energy attribute credits, then you will see the implication. The difference between these two will give you the footprint of the power for the facility.
Another way is to look at a mix of like renewable natural gas—in this case, landfill gas with fossil natural gas. And for the sake of that, I will just do an autothermal reforming, just to look at the different technology pathways. And I will put some similar number there. I mean, again, with CCS, this will be zero. I will put CCS value there and put some default there. And then let us assume—first, I will look at 100 percent fossil natural gas. I'll put zero here. Yeah, and I need the power. Once I complete the inputs, this will be enabled. I can calculate. We'll get a number there.
Again, the power has some significant impact, as I showed for the SMR. But here, let us look at a different—let us say I do 70 percent, 30 percent mix, and then calculate. So that 3.1 drops really to that value. So you see the implication of mixing some renewable gas with fossil natural gas.
If I move to a cleaner supply of power, again, following the same guidelines we mentioned earlier—and again, I put 100 here—then you will see the implication there. So, if I calculate, then that 0.77 will drop to 0.1. So, this gives you the sensitivity to the different parameters that can impact the bottom line carbon intensity.
Also, a note there that for ATR, you have—you need oxygen. So typically, if you use an air separation unit, you may have an oxygen byproduct that you may be able to export to the markets. So, for that, if I put like some value there, just put some value there, so if this is really—you export 37 or 38 percent of that product, and calculate, you will see really that number will drop further. So, this is a coproduct credit based on a displacement method.
So let us see. We have only coal and biomass gasification. I will start with the biomass. You can see two feedstocks there. Both are really like biofeedstocks, so the difference will be small. It will have to do basically with the production and with certain implication obviously in transportation, among others. This will have a small [inaudible] footprint.
And if I selected this, selected the year, enter the data. So for example, for each ton, I will assume that I get 50 or 60 kilograms. We can assume a small amount of power. The heat will be internal, use of some of the residues, and some grid power there. I mean, [inaudible] others. And we calculate. So, you will see a value there. You will see the direct facility emission is zero, because it is a biogenic CO2, even if there is some emission, and this is a small upstream carbon intensity associated with the collection, transportation of the feedstock to the hydrogen facility.
The grid power could be—impact could be big or small, depending on how much power is used, and there is also an opportunity for carbon capture. So, in that case, I mean, how much carbon capture, depending really on—I can put really something with a small capture, and you will see the implication is big, because this is carbon originally from the atmosphere that is being stored. You will see significantly negative carbon intensity value here.
If I switch that to—let me just show you the impact. So here, we have 0.72. If I change really the same to a different feedstock, I mean, I will get similar value, again. If I use the same values here, then you will see the difference is small. Both are biofeedstock. The difference between the upstream is usually small.
And coal gasification. So this is the last pathway I will try to demonstrate. I will say, again, for each ton, I will use something similar, 50 or 60 kilograms of hydrogen, and power used, and carbon capture. So, in here, I am not sure what will be the appropriate value for [inaudible]. This is not a bad one. So, if I calculate, then you will get really the carbon intensity there. Depending on how much power, and the grid power, you will be able to examine what does that mean. Similar to the natural gas, it will be—I put the value there that is too high, for example, for the carbon capture ratio, then likely I can really go to the feedstock properties and try to change some of these values.
So I think this is it. You can always reset and start from scratch. I will stop here. Neha, back to you.
>>Neha Rustagi: Great. Thank you, Amgad. So, in terms of next steps—so, we will be adapting the GREET model to account for the grid regions within the DOE's National Transmission Needs Study. So, this was a study that was released—sorry. This was a study that was released last year, and it's referenced within the 45V NPRM. So those regions are currently being added to the model.
Additionally, additional hydrogen production pathways will continue to be added, and background data could be updated. And so new versions of the model will be maintained on that DOE website which was shown on the initial slides. We're also getting a lot of feedback on user friendliness of the tool and features that could be made easier to use, and so that feedback is being accounted for, and we'll continue to update it so that it's more broadly accessible. If we could go to the next slide.
So, we're very grateful for all the guidance, advice, and funding that's gone into development of this tool. So, this particular tool was developed and maintained with funding from DOE's Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, which is the office that I'm part of, and it'll continue to be maintained with funding also from the Department of Treasury, which we're very grateful for.
And with that, we are going to go into Q&A. So I will moderate. So there's a lot of questions that came in on availability of the slides and recording, and so those should be available within the coming week. These slides will be posted, along with a recording of the webinar.
There were also several questions about changing parameters within the GREET1_2023 file. So just to reiterate what Amgad said, and what's described further within the GREET documentation, that file is not intended for users to modify. So any user inputs should happen within the 45VH2-GREET Excel file that Amgad was showing.
There were also several questions that came in on how to account for energy attribute certificates within the model, so I'll answer that one as well. So writ large, as Amgad was explaining, users have two options to account for electricity that's consumed. So one option is to pick a grid region within 45VH2-GREET that comports with the region that they're consuming power from.
The section option is to pick a particular type of electricity or a user-defined mix of specific generator types. And in that second option, it's the user's responsibility to make sure that any electricity they report is verified via energy attribute certificates that are also retired per the guidance within the 45V NPRM.
All right, additional questions. So Amgad, there was a question for you on whether emissions associated with water supply to an electrolyzer are accounted for within the system boundary.
>>Amgad Elgowainy: So, on the water supply itself, it is negligible, so this is ignored in this version. Anything related within the facility boundary to water treatment, for example, or pumping, or otherwise, will be part of the reported power.
>>Neha Rustagi: All right. Thank you. Is the data within GREET1_2023 consistent with that within the R&D GREET?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: The answer is yes.
>>Neha Rustagi: Okay. Got it. Can you please explain the emissions that go into calculating carbon intensity of geothermal power?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: So geothermal power, there are several technologies, and we have a representation of the different technologies in the U.S. This is a small share in the grid. These are mainly in the West Coast, and we have reports on the GREET website, under publications, if you will search for the word geothermal, to give you some details about these different technologies [inaudible] and the carbon intensity associated with it.
>>Neha Rustagi: Great. Can you speak to the coproduct accounting method used within the tool?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: So, this is a good question. So by default, we use the displacement method for the specific pathways, technologies we have seen, that I demonstrated. For example, steam could be a coproduct from steam methane reforming or autothermal reforming, and therefore, this is allowed. Typically, steam does not go far, so you're not like electricity transfer from like Midwest to a different region. Steam, actually, because you could lose the energy pretty quickly, usually it is exported across the fence to a nearby facility, and therefore, the impact will be very likely a displacement of a steam generation unit within that facility that imports. And therefore, we use the displacement as the most sensible option for that particular case.
Similarly, if we look at nitrogen byproduct from ATR, I demonstrated that. I mean, this is likely coming from ASU, and if it is exported, then it will likely displace nitrogen from an ASU as well. So it will be typically a wash. If it is vented, then really basically all the energy intensity of the ASU will go to the oxygen that is supplying the ATR, for example.
So, displacement method, I mean, coproduct method handling has guidelines in ISO, and we followed these guidelines for the pathways you have seen. These are mostly using the displacement methods for the coproducts.
>>Neha Rustagi: Got it. For biomass and coal gasification, is the distance of the transport of the feedstock fixed, or is that something users can change?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: It is fixed in the background data.
>>Neha Rustagi: For electrolysis, should the electricity consumption input correspond only to the stack, or to the entire system?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Yeah, it should be to the entire system, as I mentioned earlier. Any power used for purifying the water, for example, or cooling, or stack, or balance plant, all of that will be inclusive, metered, and reported for the hydrogen produced in the same period.
>>Neha Rustagi: Are emissions associated with catalysts or chemicals used for cleaning hydrogen production systems included in the carbon intensity calculation?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: The answer is no, and these are likely negligible. We did look at catalysts embodied emissions before. Of course, it depends on the type of the catalyst, and the life of the catalyst, and the replacement of that. But in most cases, the impact of that is just too small, and immaterial to the LCA.
>>Neha Rustagi: Great. Does GREET change—this one's a little bit complex. Does GREET change how the system operation is modeled based on the electricity source? So for example, if you have grid and 90 percent solar, does it assume that the solar is being consumed only when it's available, and then ramps down? Or is it a different assumption?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Yeah, it will be based on what is reported, again, following that guidance that Neha mentioned. And there is also I think about [inaudible] in the 45V, let us say someone put 90 percent solar, 10 percent local grid mix, then it will be the average CI of these two by their weighted share into the power supply.
>>Neha Rustagi: Got it. So there were a lot of questions about when new pathways will be added, and so we are actively working on adding new pathways. What was stated in the guidelines was that we expect to maintain the model updates on an approximately annual basis, but we're aware of the interest in the specific pathways that are being noted in the Q&A box. So please just stay tuned and continue to check out the GREET website for new versions.
All right. I think that is nearing the end of the questions. There are also a lot of questions about the 45V guidance, so as stated previously, please direct those to the IRS.
For folks that have questions about specific issues that you're having, like for example, you get an error message that comes up when you try to run the model, that's better handled through the GREET help desk, so please send that to 45VH2-GREETsupport@ee.doe.gov, and we are actively and trying to very quickly respond to those questions as they come in.
That is—I am not seeing any other questions that we haven't already answered. So, I will give people a couple more minutes.
>>Amgad Elgowainy: And Neha, also, we receive like some user reports for bugs, so these are related to the—like as you mentioned, some error messages, or like some compatibility issue. And there could be also some issues related to the calculation itself. So these are all helpful. These all should go through the link you have provided, and we'll work on a fix as soon as possible.
>>Neha Rustagi: Mm-hmm. All right. One—another question. Does the model currently allow for CO2 utilization?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Not in the 45VH2-GREET, but for general understanding of what does that mean in the R&D GREET, this will be outside the scope of the 45VH2-GREET.
>>Neha Rustagi: How does the simulation year affect the calculations?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Of what? Of the CCU?
>>Neha Rustagi: No, sorry, separate question. So when someone's selecting the simulation year, like 2022, '23, or a different year, how does that change the carbon intensity that they get out of the model?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: So, this is related to updates. For example, you know, the grid is evolving. So, each year, the grid mix, the local grid mix, will be different. For example, with emissions, with the gas supply chain, these are reported annually, and therefore updated annually. So depending on the reporting year, these values will be representative of that year, and they could change between year to year.
>>Neha Rustagi: Okay. Where can folks get more information about the grid mixes? So that, I'll say, the GREET user manual is the best place to go, and then it links to other documentation that Argonne has that describe those mixes.
If a user is trying to simulate gasification of two feedstocks, so coal and biomass combined, can they currently do that within the model?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Currently not, but this is something we can - like if there is interest in DOE, I mean, we'll consider that as we move forward. We can add that.
>>Neha Rustagi: And can you speak to the conversion factor for natural gas between like higher heating value and lower heating value, given that it's commonly transacted in higher heating value, the conversion factor that should be used?
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Yeah. The model is designed to use the lower heating value of natural gas. As I mentioned earlier, I believe we got [inaudible] in certain situation, if you use certain units, I believe there was a higher heating value used instead of the lower heating value, which resulted in a small error. But this is one of the bugs that we will fix, and hopefully update in the next release.
>>Neha Rustagi: All right. I will give—I see more questions rolling in. But they are all parameters that we either responded to or that are outside of the purview of this webinar. So, I will give it—okay, so an additional question is around carbon containing coproducts, whether those can be modeled as CCS.
>>Amgad Elgowainy: Okay. So if they end up in the product, this means that they were not captured, right? And—but in any case, it is a carbon balance. So, carbon in minus carbon stored will be carbon released, basically, because hydrogen is not containing carbon. If it contains a carbon, then it will be counted, right? So this is all about carbon balance.
>>Neha Rustagi: Okay. Good deal. Okay. Well, thank you very much, Amgad, for your time. We really appreciate it. I will turn it back to you, Kyle, for closing comments.
>>Kyle Hlavacek: Thank you, Neha. That concludes our H2IQ Hour for today. Once again, I want to thank Amgad for a great presentation. A recording of today's webinar and presentation materials will be available within the coming weeks. Be sure to subscribe to HFTO News to stay up to date. Thank you for attending, and we look forward to seeing you at our next H2IQ Hour.
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