National Lab Conducts First Critical Experiment Using HALEU-Based Fuel in Decades

For the first time in more than two decades, Los Alamos National Laboratory researchers performed the nation’s first critical experiment using a ceramic fuel required by some advanced reactor designs.

Office of Nuclear Energy

November 21, 2024
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nuclear milestone
A graphite fuel "cup" containing fuel pellets ready for insertion into Deimos.
A graphite fuel ‘cup’ containing fuel pellets ready for insertion into a Deimos graphite monolith.

For the first time in more than two decades, Los Alamos National Laboratory researchers performed the nation’s first critical experiment using a ceramic fuel required by some advanced reactor designs. 

The experiment ties into a larger effort between the U.S. Department of Energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission to provide new design and safety related data on the use, storage, and transportation of high-assay low-enriched uranium, also known as HALEU. 

The Deimos Experiment being assembled.
The Deimos Experiment being assembled.

Demonstrating Deimos

The Deimos experiment was performed at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center outside of Las Vegas, Nevada.  

Researchers adapted a critical assembly machine to accommodate a new graphite core and “cups” to hold HALEU-based fuel pellets that contained TRISO Particles – a robust, ceramic fuel that can withstand temperatures hotter than molten lava. 

After demonstrating criticality of the system, the experiment was then measured at room temperature and heated to more than 200° Fahrenheit to generate new criticality safety data on HALEU-fuel for the first time in the United States in more than 20 years. 

“The Demos experiment is an important step towards deploying HALEU-fueled nuclear reactors,” said LANL Program Manager for Nuclear Energy Chris Stanek. “We are excited and proud to make use of unique LANL capabilities to advance the nation’s advanced reactor goals, and we look forward to future experiments that Deimos enables." 

Many advanced reactors will require HALEU to achieve smaller designs, longer operating cycles, and increased efficiencies over existing nuclear technologies. 

The data collected from Deimos demonstration will support efforts to ensure HALEU infrastructure is licensed in time for reactor demonstrations and deployments. 

A Valuable Partnership

The Deimos criticality demonstration was funded by LANL’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development program and supports work currently underway through DOE’s HALEU Availability Program. 

The Department recently awarded $17 million to 16 projects to help develop public data and criticality benchmarks related to the use, storage, and transportation of HALEU fuels. 

The data from the projects will enable efficient future design and safety reviews and help the nuclear industry develop new and novel solutions in safety and design of their applications. 

Criticality benchmarks are essential to nuclear design and safety evaluations required by the industry and regulatory bodies. 

There are very few benchmarks that use HALEU – Deimos will help the nuclear industry fill this gap. 

The DOE/NRC Criticality Safety for Commercial-Scale HALEU for Fuel Cycle and Transportation project is performed in collaboration with the National Nuclear Safety Administration’s Nuclear Criticality Safety Program and the Office of Science Nuclear Physics National Nuclear Data Program. 

A group photo of the Deimos Experiment Team
A subset of the Deimos experiment team.
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