The Building Technologies Office staff and national laboratory experts published and presented numerous technical publications at the 2018 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Below are links to publications from that event for future reference.
Emerging Technologies
Title: Improving Characterization of Miscellaneous Energy Loads in Energy Demand Models
Presenter: Robert L. Fares and Marina Sofos, U.S. Department of Energy; Jared Langevin, Robert Hosbach, and Alan Meier, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Joshua Butzbaugh and Paul Ehrlich, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract: Miscellaneous energy loads (MELs) comprise a significant and growing portion of total building energy consumption. However relatively little is known about the products that make up MELs end uses, and MELs are modeled with less granularity than major end uses in energy demand models such as the U.S. Department of Energy’s Scout energy-efficiency impact analysis tool or the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). This paper identifies differences in the way MELs versus major building end uses are modeled, and then reviews potential sources of MELs baseline technology data that could be used to improve their characterization in energy demand models.
Title: How Can Cities Use Urban-Scale Building Energy Modeling?
Authors: Janet Reyna, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Amir Roth, Andrew Burr, and Michael Specian, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: Whole-building energy modeling (BEM) is a multipurpose tool for building energy efficiency, supporting design, code development and compliance, green labeling, incentive programs, and even building operations. A new buzz-prefix making its way around the BEM community is "urban-scale." But what is urban-scale BEM (UBEM)? And can it help cities — or other entities — save energy? We describe a taxonomy of UBEM based on the interactions that are modeled between buildings and between buildings and other systems. Each type of UBEM supports different analyses and applications. We describe each UBEM type and, using a survey of sustainability managers in major U.S. cities, give examples of how it is currently used in practice or could be used in the future.
Title: Rulesets are Great. Certified Rulesets are Greater.
Author: Amir Roth, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: Modelers spend a significant portion of their time creating ASHRAE-90.1 Appendix G baseline versions of models for code-compliance documentation and LEED certification. This task is tedious, prone to error, vulnerable to cheating, and doesn’t contribute directly to performance. Recently several automated implementations of this procedure have emerged including one based on OpenStudio Measures. However, while these help modelers they do not help code and certificate officials who must manually review submissions, creating a bottleneck. This paper describes how this bottleneck can be relieved by describing a framework for certifying such implementations using automated testing against a transparent reference.
Author: Marina Sofos, U.S. Department of Energy, Jared Langevin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: The use of sensors, actuators, and controllers to improve operations and minimize preventable energy losses has been well-documented in the buildings sector, with up to 30% whole-building energy savings possible. Despite these benefits, efforts to embed intelligence in buildings that enables “smart” operations for energy management have lagged behind similar efforts in other sectors and applications (e.g., large-scale industrial process plants, automotive, aerospace). This paper presents a research and development (R&D) roadmap for advancements in monitoring and control technologies for smart building operations.
Commercial Buildings Integration
Title: Business as Usual? Energy Efficiency’s $130 Billion Opportunity
Authors: Andrew Burr, U.S. Department of Energy; Lane Burt, Ember Strategies; Adam Hinge, Sustainable Energy Partnerships; Julie Hughes, Institute for Market Transformation
Abstract: According to McKinsey & Co., more than $130 billion in annual energy savings lie untouched across the nation's commercial, residential, and industrial sectors. How can America unlock these savings? This paper seeks to answer this question by exploring how to better align energy-efficiency progress with the powerful change dynamics of America’s multi-trillion-dollar commercial property and housing markets.
Authors: Jingjing Liu, Arian Aghajanzadeh, Paul Sheaffer, Peter Therkelsen, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Nathaniel Allen, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: This paper discusses the motivation, implementation approach, and achieved benefits of two ISO 50001-certified companies with commercial building portfolios in the United States. Anecdotal results from these companies show that the commercial buildings sector has an opportunity to implement ISO 50001 cost-effectively at the enterprise level and scale energy savings quickly — especially among organizations with campuses and/or chains of geographically scattered buildings with similar building energy systems. These early results, coupled with estimated impacts from ISO 50001 uptake within the U.S. commercial buildings sector, suggest that direct uptake and incorporation of the standard in utility and government programs will generate significant energy and greenhouse gas reductions.
Authors: Paul Mathew, Baptiste Ravache, Kaiyu Sun, and Philip Coleman, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Nancy Wallace and Paulo Issler, University of California Berkeley; Cindy Zhu, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: This paper presents new results on the link between energy factors and commercial mortgage default. First, we summarize results from an empirical analysis of the impact of source energy use intensity (EUI) and electricity prices on mortgage default. We used a unique data set that merges building-level energy use data from city benchmarking ordinances and financial data for commercial mortgages on the same buildings. We found that building source EUI and electricity price are statistically and economically associated with commercial mortgage defaults.
Next, we present five case studies on the impact of energy use and price variations on default risk: three office buildings, a hotel, and a multifamily residential building. We use the empirical model coefficients to compute the default risk impacts due to variations in source EUI and electricity price over the course of the mortgage term. We found that variations in source EUI could raise or lower the default rates in these properties by between 5% and 40%, depending on the property type and geography. Electricity pricing has an even greater effect – roughly 60% change in default rate in the Denver area and nearly 90% in northern California.
Finally, we propose an energy risk score that lenders can use to assess energy risk and inform mortgage terms. The score is being developed and piloted in collaboration with three mortgage lenders. We conclude with implications of this score as a market signal and mechanism for incentivizing energy-efficiency investments through the commercial mortgage channel.
Authors: Michael Myer and Linda Sandahl, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Jessica Granderson, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Michael Deru, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Amy Jiron and Jordan Hibbs, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: In 2012, the DOE, in collaboration with interested partners (e.g., applicable trade groups), initiated a novel market transformation approach, technology adoption campaigns, to speed the adoption of new technologies that save energy and money in buildings — first with lighting and later with other building technologies. This approach couples technical performance evaluation, guidance, data tracking and technical assistance with recognition for exemplary performance and best practices. Campaigns can be designed around emerging technologies that have significant, cost-effective national energy savings potential and where there is strong public- and private-sector interest in sharing performance criteria and outcomes. Participants in the campaigns share project data with the national laboratories and DOE, benefit from technical support and assistance from objective experts, and highly value recognition for their accomplishments. DOE and its campaign partners benefit from accelerated adoption of new energy-saving technologies and engagement with manufacturers and end users that allows for data collection and insights into technology research needs. This paper documents the success, challenges, lessons learned, and energy and cost savings of lighting campaigns, and in many cases compares these findings with other campaign efforts. This paper also presents recommendations for how other programs of various sizes can employ this model.
Title: Moving K-12 Zero Energy Schools to the Mainstream: Establishing Design Guidelines and Energy Targets
Authors: Shanti D. Pless, Paul A. Torcellini and David Goldwasser, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Sarah B. Zaleski, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: K–12 schools are ideal candidates to lead the market shift from buildings that consume energy to buildings that produce as much renewable energy as they use. There are now resources to guide owners and project teams as they make the shift to these “zero energy” buildings, notably the Advanced Energy Design Guide for K–12 School Buildings: Achieving Zero Energy (K–12 ZE AEDG). Starting with a feasibility study to prove that zero energy schools were possible in all climate zones, a committee of industry experts used extensive energy modeling to create a set of energy use intensity targets for school buildings such that on-site renewable energy could meet the buildings’ energy loads. Approaching the process from the perspective of the building owner and project team, committee members compared these energy targets with energy use in existing high-performance schools. From these targets, they created and developed guidance for achieving a zero energy school and assembled that guidance into the K–12 ZE AEDG. The committee, which included design professionals and building owners responsible for delivering zero energy K–12 schools, stressed the importance of setting absolute energy targets before design begins. The targets represent a “zero energy ready” school, because installing on-site renewables can be limited by utilities, policies, or economics. Integrating energy efficiency into all design decisions before considering renewables results in a school that is cost-effective to build and operate, so owners see immediate benefits even if the renewable energy equipment is not installed until later.
Title: Making Commercial Whole Building Program Delivery Easier and Less Risky
Authors: Greg Thomas, Adriane Wolfe, Chris Balbach, Performance Systems Development; Harry Bergmann, U.S. Department of Energy; Larry Brackney, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Steve Kromer, SKEE; Tolga Tutar, Cadmus
Abstract: Whole-building commercial programs can be challenging to deliver due to their complexity and scope. A broad suite of federal tools and reference standards can be leveraged to reduce program cost and risk, and improve scalability. These include: OpenStudio® / PAT, Building Energy Asset Score, Building Energy Asset Score Audit Template, ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager® (ESPM), Green Button, Energy Design Assistance Program Tracker (EDAPT), Standard Energy Efficiency Data Platform™ (SEED), Charting and Metrics (ECAM), Building Sync XML (BSXML), and Building Energy Data Exchange Specification (BEDES). However, navigating, adopting, and integrating these tools to support programs is a significant barrier. The OpenEfficiency Initiative (OEI) is a DoE funded effort to expand the deployment of federal tools and reference standards into whole-building commercial efficiency programs. OEI is developing an open-source data exchange platform that is being informed and motivated by pilots. The pilots support three primary use cases: streamlining building modeling, data integration, and program reporting. The pilots were conducted in partnership with The Energy Coalition, SoCalREN, Vermont Energy Investment Corp., and Xcel Energy.
Title: Communities of the Future: Accelerating Zero Energy District Master Planning
Presenter: Sarah Zaleski, U.S. Department of Energy; Shanti Pless, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Ben Polly, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Abstract: DOE’s Zero Energy Districts Accelerator brings together district developers, planners, owners, national experts, and key stakeholders to develop the financial structures and energy master planning documents needed for ZE district development and replication. This paper will review the structure of the ZE Districts Accelerator, discuss the barriers to ZE districts, and present the emerging best practices from ZE district pioneers and pathways for wide-scale replication.
Title: Raising the Rent Premium: Moving Green Building Research Beyond Certifications and Rent
Presenter: Cindy Zhu, U.S. Department of Energy; Andrew White, RE Tech Advisors; Paul Mathew, Jeff Deason, and Philip Coleman, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Although there is significant evidence that green buildings exhibit increased financial performance via decreased operating expenses and non-energy benefits such as workplace comfort and employee productivity, green building practitioners still face an uphill battle when asked to prove the profits, most frequently pointing to rent premium as an indicator to attract investment. This paper first synthesizes the recent literature review illustrating the existing body of empirical evidence supports green building investment. Next, we summarize outcomes from a workshop of leading academics in real estate sustainability, finance, and economics who met in late 2017 to discuss gaps in green building research, prioritize future research areas, and assess data challenges in their fields. Finally, the paper synthesizes insights from the aforementioned efforts to propose priorities for new research that can provide value and understanding to investors and builders of high-performing buildings.
Residential Buildings Integration
Title: How Building America Research is Removing Major Roadblocks to High Performance Homes
Authors: Lena Burkett, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Eric Werling, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: This paper outlines these key technical and market risks that impede adoption of high-performance home systems and technologies and highlights 16 recent Building America projects that strategically attack these risks with real-world advancements in applied building science, engineering, and construction practices.
Title: Residential PACE: What’s Been Achieved and What the Future May Hold
Authors: Jeff Deason, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Steve Dunn, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy (R-PACE) programs are public-private partnerships enabling homeowners to make energy efficiency, renewable energy and related improvements through long-term, fixed rate financing that can remain with the property. This paper summarizes quantitative analysis of the impacts of R-PACE programs on renewable energy deployment and household energy consumption conducted by DOE’s Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. It reviews recent developments regarding R-PACE consumer protections, underwriting, and contractor oversight, including legislative action and changes to R-PACE program practices and makes recommendations on key issues for R-PACE programs moving forward.
Author: Sam Rashkin, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) ENERGY STAR for Homes program has just crossed the 1.8 million certified home threshold and is well on its way to 2 million. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) launched the Zero Energy Ready Home (ZERH) program in 2012 as a meaningful step up from ENERGY STAR. This paper will examine why DOE made the decision to launch its own voluntary high-performance home labeling program, what key lessons from ENERGY STAR Certified Homes were applied to help ensure success, what five barriers have made market adoption a significantly greater challenge compared to the ENERGY STAR Certified Home program, and how the lessons-learned can be applied to other programs targeting zero energy performance.
Presenter: Madeline Salzman and Joan Glickman, U.S. Department of Energy; Ken Slattery, The Building People
Abstract: DOE worked with Home Energy Score Partners and interested stakeholders to develop new QA protocols that allow for remote quality assurance assessments through video and photo-sharing software. After conducting a sensitivity analysis and months of testing different methods and requirements, Home Energy Score released a provisional update to QA protocols to reduce costs, improve quality, and better enable program scalability. This paper explains the process used to establish the new QA protocols and discuss the implications of implementation by Home Energy Score Partner organizations. The discussion suggests ways other efficiency programs may implement similar solutions and explore areas for additional analysis to improve the current protocols.
Codes
Title: Things Aren't as Bad (or Good) as They Seem: Lessons from the DOE Residential Field Studies
Authors: Jeremiah Williams, U.S. Department of Energy; David Cohan, Institute for Market Transformation; Rosemarie Bartlett, Mark Halverson, and YuLong Xie, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract: This paper reviews findings from a multi-year field study reviewing baseline technologies and energy-efficiency measures in new single-family residential construction. The objectives of the study were to create a consistent and replicable methodology, test the approach across several pilot states, and incorporate results into an empirically based public data set. The paper compares findings across several states, and discusses what improved (or didn't) as part of the research and related training programs.
National Lab Articles on BTO Topics of Interest
Title: Diverse Energy Storage Technology
Authors: Ahmad Abu-Heiba, Kyle B. Gluesenkamp, Adewale Odukomalya, Patrick O’Connor, and Ayyoub Momen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Abstract: Behind the meter electrical energy storage in buildings as a means of peak shaving and time-of-use shifting has been demonstrated to provide utility bill savings in buildings with high electricity demand, while simultaneously relieving strain on the electric grid during peak periods. Batteries have dominated the building energy storage market but are still expensive and have a relatively short lifetime. The Ground Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage (GLIDES) system is a newly invented electric energy storage technology that can leverage waste heat to improve its AC-to-AC power round-trip efficiency (RTE) and energy density and lifetime. It has demonstrated an RTE of 51.6% in laboratory testing, and modeled improvements demonstrate the potential for 75 - 82% RTE. This paper reports on the development of GLIDES and its potential value in buildings.
Authors: Peter Alstone, Schartz Energy Research Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Mary Ann Piette and Peter Schwartz, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: The electricity grid is transitioning from a centralized and uncoordinated set of large generators and loads to a framework that also includes decentralized and coordinated "distributed energy resources" (DER). Advances in renewable generation, energy storage, efficiency, and controls technology present a significant opportunity for demand-side investment that is matched to the needs of the future grid infrastructure and operations, but the complex interplay of controls technology and grid operations makes estimating and realizing the potential of DER a significant challenge. Supply curves for conserved energy have long been used to synthesize energy-efficiency opportunities for electricity system planners and show how demand side resources compete with building new power plants. We have developed a similar approach for supporting policymakers who now face a range of technology options for DER, with a focus on describing the potential for demand response (DR) to provide flexibility to the grid.
Authors: Chrissi Antonopoulos, Michael Baechler, and Theresa Gilbride; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract: The U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America Solution Center is a free, easy-to-access digital tool containing the latest building science research from the Building America program. This display presentation will show attendees how to bring best practices for high-performance homes into their businesses to gain an edge to help expand their markets. It includes a tour of the Solution Center’s newest features and updates. A visual tour of the Building America Solution Center will provide full and simple access to a wealth of best practices based on building science and energy-efficiency research generated by the Building America program, along with other resources to help specify features, train crews, complete quality installations, and sell houses.
Title: Residential Energy Efficiency and the Three Rs: Resistance, Resilience, and Recovery
Authors: Michael Baechler and Theresa Gilbride, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract: The Building America Solution Center focuses primarily on providing best practices information on energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and water efficiency. While gathering information to address building practices that can improve disaster resistance, resilience, and recovery, it became apparent that there is a significant amount of overlap between energy-efficient and disaster-resistant residential construction. This paper explores three areas where mutual goals and/or experience may be beneficial to both camps in meeting objectives related to efficient, resistant, resilient, and recoverable homes. The first is the building science that each industry must draw on to design and build adequate houses. This portion of the paper includes a discussion of photovoltaics. The second is the shared experiences each industry faces in market transformation and achieving changes in building codes. We explore lessons that these industries may share around economic criteria, incentives, and prescriptive measures in code. And finally, this paper addresses the role that insurance companies play in achieving changes in building practices related to energy efficiency and disaster planning.
Title: When Data Analytics Meet Site Operation: Benefits and Challenges
Authors: David H. Blum, Guanjing Lin, Michael Spears, Janie Page, and Jessica Granderson, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Demand for using data analytics for energy management in buildings is rising. Such analytics are required for advanced measurement and verification, commissioning, automated fault-detection and diagnosis, and optimal control. While novel analytics algorithms continue to be developed, bottlenecks and challenges arise when deploying them for demonstration, for a number of reasons that do not necessarily have to do with the algorithms themselves. It is important for developers of new technologies to be aware of the challenges and potential solutions during demonstration. Therefore, this paper describes a recent deployment of an automated, physical model-based, FDD and optimal control tool, highlighting its design and as-operated benefits that the tool provides. Furthermore, the paper presents challenges faced during deployment and testing along with solutions used to overcome these challenges.
Title: New Rating Opening Windows to a World of Comfort, Opportunity, and Cost-Effective Savings
Authors: Erika Burns, Emily Phan-Gruber, and Brenna Rivett, D+R International; Robert Hart and Charlie Curcija, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Window attachments offer a huge, cost-effective energy-saving opportunity that remains largely untapped. The newly launched window attachment energy rating and certification program, through the Attachments Energy Rating Council (AERC), is altering the way people think about residential and commercial window attachments by providing reliable, easy-to-understand energy performance information to consumers. This paper will outline the savings potential of window attachments, introduce the AERC rating program, detail the methodology behind the Energy Performance ratings, and explain the AERCalc tool that generates the ratings.
Authors: Josh Butzbaugh, Dave Winiarski, Mark Halverson, and Alan Cooke, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Bing Liu, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
Abstract: DOE and its national laboratories developed a series of commercial reference building models in 2007. Over the past decade, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, in support of DOE’s Building Energy Codes Program, expanded these prototype building models to comply with multiple editions of national model codes and standards, including both ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and International Energy Conservation Code. The prototype building models established a credible foundation to develop new requirements in building codes and standards, track progress of codes and standards, and evaluate the energy-saving potential of new technologies or systems in the commercial building sector. The 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) was the primary data source used to develop the original models. Using the recently released 2012 CBECS data, this paper characterizes the most representative design choices for building envelope and HVAC systems in recently-constructed commercial buildings. The results from this analysis provide actionable insight for future commercial building research in reflection of recent construction practices.
Title: Completing the Connected Home with Smart Window Shades
Authors: Katherine Cort, Joshua McIntosh, Cheryn Metzger, and Travis Ashley, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Greg Sullivan, Efficiency Solutions
Abstract: This paper describes the experimental results of testing the energy performance of high-efficiency, dynamically operated, cellular shades in Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL) Lab Homes. The results of both heating and cooling season experiments are presented, where testing is designed to assess the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) savings resulting from the thermal insulating properties as well as the automated and dynamic control strategies of shading devices. Control schemes tested include common “connected home” strategies where controls are integrated and coordinated between the window shading device, building thermostats, and external sensors. The paper will also include results from testing designed to examine the benefits (in terms of comfort, energy savings, and responsiveness to control) of coordinating the operation of cellular shades with HVAC control as a demand response measure. These experiments demonstrate that highly insulating, dynamic window coverings that are reliably controlled can dramatically reduce the heating and cooling energy associated with windows and should be considered an important component of any “smart” home design.
Title: BuildingSync® in Action: Example Implementation
Authors: Jason DeGraw, Kristin Field-Macumber, and Nicholas Long, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Supriya Goel, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract: Interoperability is a particular challenge in building energy auditing, in which tools and data requirements may vary widely depending upon locale or intended use of the audit result. There are, however, many reasons to represent the data in a common format. BuildingSync® is such an effort to develop a standardized language to flexibly represent and exchange building energy auditing data between software tools. The schema has been developed with extensive collaboration between DOE and industry experts. BuildingSync facilitates a consistent history of energy audit data across the life of a building or a group of buildings, and thus enables lower costs and higher energy performance results. It also facilitates easier aggregation and analysis of audits conducted by different companies using different software. This paper presents two examples of building energy analysis efforts that are utilizing BuildingSync – (1) BayREN Integrated Commercial Retrofits (BRICR), a utility custom incentive program at the Bay Area Regional Energy Network (BayREN) that uses BuildingSync to exchange building data, and (2) New York City’s ordinance on benchmarking and auditing data. These efforts utilize BuildingSync in conjunction with other DOE-sponsored tools, such as the Asset Score Reporting Platform, SEED Platform, and OpenStudio. Using the lessons learned from these efforts, the paper also makes recommendations for applicability to future projects that may benefit from BuildingSync.
Title: Estimating Residential Appliance Lifetime for Energy Efficiency Policy Analysis
Authors: Victor Franco, Youness Bennani, Jing Ke, Ed Cubero, and Alex Lekov, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Accurate knowledge of appliance lifetimes helps policy makers set effective energy-efficiency policy. The cost-effectiveness of an appliance efficiency measure depends on the length of time consumers will use an appliance. National shipments projections depend on the rate of replacement in the installed appliance stock. Furthermore, early retirement programs need an accurate understanding of the remaining useful life in order to calculate lifetime savings and cost-effectiveness of a program. This paper uses a method for calculating lifetime of appliances based on the most recent data available on appliance shipments, total appliance stock, and the fraction of surviving appliances by age bins. An example of the calculation methodology is provided for residential gas boilers. This paper concludes by comparing the results to other available data on gas boiler lifetime.
Title: Characteristics and Energy Use of Volume Servers in the U.S.
Authors: Heidi Fuchs, Arman Shehabi, Mohan Ganeshalingam, and Louis-Benoit Desroches, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Brian Lim, National University of Singapore; Kurt Roth, Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems; Allen Tsao, Navigant Consulting Inc.
Abstract: As data centers proliferate to meet the demand of Internet-of-Things services, their energy intensity deserves close attention. Always-on operations and growing usage for cloud and other backend processes make servers the fundamental driver of data center energy use. Yet servers’ power draw under real-world conditions is poorly understood. This paper explores characteristics of volume servers that affect energy use and quantifies differences in power draw between higher-performing Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) and ENERGY STAR servers and that of a typical server.
Title: Energy and Cost Benefits of DC Power in ZNE Buildings
Authors: Daniel Gerber, Vagelis Vossos, Richard Brown, Chris Marnay, and Wei Feng, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Improvements in building end-use efficiency have significantly reduced the energy intensity of new buildings, but diminishing returns make cost-effective zero-net energy (ZNE) buildings a challenge. A largely untapped efficiency strategy is to improve the efficiency of power distribution within buildings. Direct current (DC) distribution with modern power electronics has the potential to eliminate much of the power conversion loss in alternating current (AC) building distribution networks. Previous literature suggests up to 15% energy savings in DC ZNE buildings with onsite generation and battery storage. Nonetheless, DC faces a market disadvantage against AC, and the benefits of DC distribution must be compellingly demonstrated before wide adoption. This paper presents recent modeling of DC vs. AC distribution in buildings, based on detailed load and generation profiles, wire losses, and power conversion efficiency curves. This paper also presents a techno-economic analysis framework that evaluates the cost-effectiveness of DC systems in several commercial buildings based on commercially available products.
Title: Making Zero Energy Easier: Ingenious Off-the-Shelf Hacks from Real Zero Energy Home Builders
Authors: Theresa Gilbride and Michael Baechler, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract: Many builders have the impression that building a net zero energy home is far beyond their reach, requiring too much money or too many complicated technologies. However, innovative builders are showing that getting to zero isn’t rocket science, just good building science combining common construction techniques done right with off-the-shelf technologies and a touch of ingenuity for easy, affordable solutions to zero energy home construction. This paper provides a compilation of techniques used by award-winning builders in DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Home program to achieve Home Energy Rating System (HERS) scores of ≤zero.
Authors: Jessica Granderson, Guanjing Lin, and Rupam Singla, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Ebony Mayhorn, Paul Ehrlich and Draguna Vrabie, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Stephen Frank, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Abstract: It is estimated that 5% to 30% of energy use in commercial buildings is wasted due to faults and errors in operations. Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) technologies can address this waste by identifying (detecting) deviations from normal or expected operation (faults), and resolving (diagnosing) the type of problem or its location, minimizing the need for complex manual analysis of operational data. Although currently underutilized, AFDD is a powerful approach to ensuring efficient building operations. AFDD offers the potential to greatly improve performance, and to do so cost-effectively. There is currently a diverse landscape of AFDD technologies on the market, but no common framework exists to characterize such tools, or distinguish one offering from another. It is difficult to determine from vendor websites and marketing materials key technology features and capabilities, or the overall state of the technology. In this paper, we present an AFDD characterization framework, and findings from applying the framework to survey over a dozen technologies from today’s market. This paper outlines the current state of the market, as well as outstanding needs in the industry, derived from direct engagement of, and technical assistance provided to users of AFDD technology. A core set of interrelated informational, organizational, and technical needs and barriers that must be addressed to realize the full potential of AFDD at scale are identified. Lastly, based on information gathered through a survey and discussion with both vendors and users, several opportunities to further advance the technology are discussed.
Title: Are Energy Controls Delivering Real Savings?
Authors: Reid Hart and Michael Rosenberg, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract: Are controls required by energy codes delivering on their promise? Since 2004, approximately 30% of new commercial energy code requirements are for improved building controls. These control requirements can be difficult to implement — verification is beyond the expertise of many building officials. Yet, energy code savings projections are based on fully implemented controls that work correctly. We identified 90 control requirements in ASHRAE 90.1-2013 and the 2015 IECC and grouped them into 51 measures. The 14 most impactful control measures were evaluated in the field — 10 HVAC and 4 lighting measures. Three steps evaluated compliance with control requirements: Commissioning Agent Surveys, Field Assessments, and Results Analysis.
We assessed 24 recently completed buildings — office, medical, retail, and educational — in six states. Field assessors scored each measure for design, capability, and actual measure configuration as related to code requirements.
Title: The BayREN Integrated Commercial Retrofits (BRICR) Project: An Introduction and Preliminary Results
Authors: Barry Hooper and Imma Regina Dela Cruz, City of San Francisco; Tianzhen Hong, Sang Hoon Lee, Yixing Chen, and Mary Ann Piette, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Daniel Macumber, Nicholas Long, and Edwin Lee, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Jennifer Berg, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco
Abstract: BayREN Integrated Commercial Retrofits (BRICR) is a DOE-funded project which aims to enhance the capacity of energy-efficiency programs to recruit participants, develop retrofits, and measure outcomes in small and medium-sized commercial buildings, a sector notoriously hard to reach and expensive to serve, that accounts for ⅔ of U.S. commercial floor space. To address these barriers, BRICR leverages existing incentives, financing, data, and open-source software to facilitate two paths for comprehensive improvements: a deep energy retrofit, or serial upgrades integrated into capital improvement and maintenance cycles. BRICR is developing an integrated workflow for iterative energy modeling of commercial buildings for city energy program managers and auditors — starting with mass building-scale simulation based on public records and proceeding through audit, retrofit, and measurement and verification stages. BRICR builds on existing tools including LBNL’s CBES, NREL’s OpenStudio, PNNL’s audit Template, and DOE’s BuildingSync and SEED PlatformTM. At each stage, BRICR uses available information to inform simulations (starting with public records but iteratively augmented with observations from energy program staff) to improve the quality of the models that inform decision making.
This paper presents initial results from energy models of 1,699 office and retail buildings in San Francisco. Building stock data from public records were translated to create a BuildingSync file for each building that was stored in SEED. Each BuildingSync file was then translated to multiple OpenStudio Workflow files for EnergyPlus simulation to estimate energy savings of energy conservation measures (ECM). Energy-savings predictions for each ECM were written back to an updated BuildingSync file for each building and reuploaded to SEED. The distribution of baseline energy simulations was calibrated against the publicly disclosed distribution of energy benchmarking data to increase confidence in results.
Title: Airtightness of Commercial Building Envelopes: Where Are We and Where Could We Go?
Authors: Diana Hun, Mahabir Bhandari, Melissa Lapsa, Som Shrestha, and Simon Pallin, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Carolina Hazard, CSRA
Abstract: Air leakage in commercial buildings accounts for about one quad of energy annually; therefore, efforts have been put in place to decrease this energy penalty. Data from blower door tests indicate that the airtightness of new building envelopes has been improving in certain niches because of requirements set by local governments and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), as well as the availability of air barrier consultants. Advances in air barrier technologies and construction practices have also contributed to these improvements. Even with these promising results, efforts have been slow to revise building codes so that they establish a maximum air leakage rate requirement for new buildings and envelope retrofits. This paper summarizes current techniques used to conduct whole building air leakage tests, where these tests are mandatory, how the air leakage rate of buildings appears to be decreasing, and what stakeholders think about blower door tests. The paper also includes the nationwide source energy and financial savings potential for standalone retail buildings that were calculated using a newly developed simulation tool that more accurately estimates the effect of air leakage on energy use.
Title: Moving Beyond Data Paralysis to Effective Use of Building Analytics
Authors: Hannah Kramer, Guanjing Lin, Jessica Granderson, Claire Curtin, and Eliot Crowe, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: As digital controls and smart meters become commonplace in commercial buildings, facilities teams have access to overwhelming amounts of data. This data does not typically lead to insights and corrective actions unless it is analyzed and prioritized in automated ways. Analytic software has been commercially available for over 20 years, but only recently have these tools seen increased adoption. This monitoring infrastructure helps uncover hidden operational opportunities, which is enticing for decision makers looking for short paybacks. Rather than single project savings, monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx) provides tools and processes to implement persistent, continuous improvement. What was formerly a data onslaught is now becoming a controlled resource for improved energy management. The paper summarizes attributes of successful analytics and MBCx installations, and cost-effectiveness results. The research provides insight for utilities considering adopting analytics technologies into incentive programs, for analytics developers to improve the performance of their solutions, and for commercial building facility staff considering these technologies.
Title: High-Quality Home Performance: Arizona’s Home Performance with ENERGY STAR Program
Authors: Charles Kurnick, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Chris Baker, Arizona Public Service Company
Abstract: Arizona Public Service (APS) has created a high-quality Home Performance with ENERGY STAR (HPwES) program. In addition to being based on the HPwES guidelines developed by DOE and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, APS used two other national guideline/standards to improve quality and contractor satisfaction: DOE’s Standard Work Specifications for Home Energy Upgrades (SWS) and the Home Performance Coalition’s Home Performance Extensible Markup Language (HPXML).
As APS found areas for improvement, they worked with their implementer FSL Home Energy Solutions (FSL) to develop a quality assurance (QA) program based on the SWS. APS also worked with energy assessment and other software providers to implement HPXML in a program administration software platform. This gave contractors the choice to select the energy assessment software they wanted to use because the two tools allowed in the program export HPXML seamlessly to the program administration platform. APS worked closely with FSL and contractors to implement the QA program and to roll out the software improvements.
Title: Navigating Cybersecurity Implications of Smart Outlets
Authors: Rois Langer and Dane Christensen, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Abstract: Plug and process loads consume approximately one-third of U.S. buildings’ collective energy budget. As other equipment becomes more efficient, and as plug-in devices diversify in the market, the percentage of plug and process load energy consumption is forecasted to grow. To help combat this growth, new wireless metering and control technologies (also known as “smart outlets”) are helping building owners collect plug load data, understand usage patterns, and implement controls. The adoption of these new connected technologies motivates serious cybersecurity consideration because they are developing at such a rapid pace. Through this lens, we explore the pros and cons of plug load controllers, provide a framework for assessing cybersecurity of connected devices such as plug load controllers, and offer an example of how commercial building owners could use this framework to minimize their cybersecurity risks when adopting smart products. In providing this framework, we aim to simplify and support appropriate cybersecurity consideration as the implementation of these energy-efficient technologies grows throughout the built environment.
Title: Let the Good Times Roll – Energy Code Savings into the Future
Authors: Bing Liu, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance; Rosemarie Bartlett and Doug Elliott, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Rahul Athalye, Energy Solutions
Abstract: This paper describes the methodology used for the assessment and presents the projected energy and economic impacts in terms of site energy savings, consumer energy cost savings, and reduced CO2 emissions at the state level and aggregated to the national level. The assessment forecasts that model energy codes could save $126 billion for consumers on their utility bills, reduce carbon emissions by 841 metric-million tons, and save 12.82 quads of primary energy on a cumulative basis from 2010 through 2040. The results are being used by DOE to underline its role in improving building energy efficiency, by REEOs and states for promoting state energy code adoption, and by ACEEE and others to perform their own analyses related to energy codes.
Authors: Vinh Mason, City of Portland; Supriya Goel, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Casey Stevens, The Cadmus Group
Abstract: Buildings are responsible for one-half of carbon emissions in Portland, Oregon, and improving their performance is critical to achieving the city’s climate goals. As part of its climate action plan, the City of Portland requires commercial buildings greater than 50,000 square feet to benchmark and disclose annual energy performance through ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager (ESPM). In 2016, the City was awarded the Cities-LEAP award from DOE to evaluate the application of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Building Energy Asset Score Tool and rating system to commercial buildings that report to the city. Building construction permit history was used to develop Asset Scores for a set of office buildings. Correlation and regression analysis of the combined dataset of Asset Scores and ENERGY STAR scores was completed to identify whether building operations or specific systems – mechanical, lighting or envelope – present the best opportunities to improve energy performance. This report summarizes the evaluation approach and research results to inform future coordination of ESPM and Asset Score data, including the use of benchmarking data to preview building Asset Scores. Given better awareness of energy performance, building managers, energy service providers, and utility incentive administrators can make more informed decisions to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Title: Large Scale Demand Response with Heat Pump Water Heaters
Authors: Cheryn Metzger, Travis Ashley, Sadie Bender, and Scott Morris, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Conrad Eustis, Portland General Electric; Philip Kelsven, Eva Urbatsh, and Nathan Kelly, Bonneville Power Administration
Abstract: The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, in partnership with the Bonneville Power Administration, Portland General Electric, and the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, studied the demand response capability of heat pump water heaters compared with electric resistance water heaters in the Northwest region.
Title: Review of City Energy and Emissions Analysis Needs, Methods, and Tools
Authors: Mary Ann Piette, Rebecca Zarin Pass, Reshma Singh, and Tianzhen Hong, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Currently over $300 billion is spent in U.S. city economies to pay for energy. Many cities are taking leading roles in exploring and promoting activities to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper summarizes a series of interviews with several leading cities regarding their needs, methods and tools they are using to model energy use and evaluate policies to reduce GHG. We also present a review of several analysis tools evaluated and used to explore urban scale design scenarios for two new major developments in the San Francisco area.
Title: Is Every kWh the Same? How Do Energy-Efficiency Measures Stack Up Across Regions?
Authors: Kara Podkaminer, Valerie Nubbe, Ben King, and Ookie Ma, U.S. Department of Energy; Jared Langevin, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory; Jack Mayernik, Chioke Harris, and Eric Wilson, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Abstract: The U.S. residential building sector is responsible for 38% of electricity use, as well as for 49%, 8%, 19% and 2% of U.S. SO2, NOx, CO2 and PM2.5 emissions, respectively. The residential building sector is also a key target of customer-funded energy-efficiency programs, which have typically been designed to reduce energy consumption (kWh); however, not every kWh saved has the same mitigation potential as the value of energy and the amount of emissions varies by time and by region. The goal of this work is to evaluate energy-efficiency potential in the U.S. residential building sector and determine how energy conservation measures (ECMs) that reduce electricity consumption at different times correlate to air emissions reductions across various regions.
Title: Builder Installed Electrical Loads: The Energy Mortgage on a New House
Authors: Leo Rainer, Aditya Khandekar, and Alan Meier, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Builder-installed electrical loads (BIELs) are electrical appliances and components installed by the builder prior to occupancy that consume mains electricity. BIELs include products required by building codes, products expected by buyers, and/or products selected by the builder to make the house more attractive to buyers. Reducing the energy use of BIELs may provide an economical opportunity to reduce the miscellaneous electric load in homes, but BIELs are not well understood. To address this need whole house BIEL was measured in 17 new houses. Results showed an average total power of 128 watts, which represents an “energy mortgage” of $135/year before the owner even moves in. Laboratory measurements of 35 life safety devices were performed to further characterize BIEL energy consumption. Strategies to reduce this energy use include selection of lowest-power solutions, more efficient circuitry and power management, a separate DC circuit to serve DC-powered appliances, and use of energy-harvesting sensors and controls in place of grid-powered components.
Authors: Cindy Regnier, Paul Matthew, Alastair Robinson, Pete Schwartz, Jordan Shackelford, Travis Walter; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: This paper presents validated end use energy savings of all three systems showing energy savings of ~20% for automated shading combined with daylight dimming (does not include light fixture retrofit savings); 30-46% for task-ambient lighting systems combined with plug load occupancy controls, depending on technology package and office building size (no daylight dimming impacts); and ~94% in the south-façade day lit zone for workstation specific lighting systems with daylight dimming (including lighting retrofit and task tuning). Using a DOE reference building model (DOE 2018), this translates to whole building savings of 2-5% (large-medium commercial), 12-23% (large-small commercial), and 13-15% (medium-large commercial) for these systems respectively. Early findings from the utilities in deploying these systems through their incentive programs indicate that deployment methods such as direct install programs might be best suited for these integrated systems.
Title: Developing the Next Generation of Net Zero Professionals through the Race to Zero
Authors: Rachel Romero, Sam Roach, Sara Farrar, and Joe Simon; National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Abstract: The DOE Race to Zero Student Design Competition (Race to Zero) inspires collegiate students to become the next generation of building science professionals through an annual zero energy ready building design challenge. As the industry looks to close the gap to achieve more net zero energy construction, Race to Zero teams are tasked with exploring how to apply net zero principles across climates nationally and internationally. For the past four annual competition events, teams developed comprehensive, integrated residential designs with industry partners that are market-ready and innovative. To develop competitive designs, teams employ various innovative technologies and strategies, including building modeling with diverse software packages, designing for unique siting constraints, and integration into the community and greenscapes. Through an interdisciplinary, collaborative design approach, Race to Zero teams gain understanding of the concepts needed to achieve zero energy buildings. The paper provides case studies of the winners, demonstrating the solutions and tools used to reach zero energy ready homes. Trends will be reviewed across the net zero designs. The Race to Zero is moving the industry toward net zero by teaching professionals entering the workforce about strategies to reach net zero and helping them understand the economics.
Title: Breaking the 20-Year Logjam to Better Insulating Windows
Authors: Stephen Selkowitz, Robert Hart, Charlie Curcija, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Abstract: Windows account for about 4 Quads of US energy consumption or 12% of building energy use. After 20 years of public/private investment (from 1980 to 2000) in technology R&D, coupled with new rating and labeling organizations (NFRC) and with subsequent voluntary ENERGY STAR programs and tighter codes and standards, windows using low-E/argon gas fill (~R3) gained a dominant market share and now account for >86% of all annual sales. However, this remarkable transformation of prior markets has stagnated, with triple glazing (~R5-R7) comprising less than 2% of all window sales in 2016. DOE estimates the national technical potential savings using R5-R7 windows at ~ 2Q annually, but manufacturers claim they would have to redesign their entire sash/frame inventory to accommodate the thicker and heavier insulating glass units (IGUs) in conventional triple glazed window designs. This paper outlines the initial findings from the first phase of a new collaborative effort, now underway with industry partners, to transform window markets to the R5-R7 insulating levels by introducing a novel packaging of existing technology elements, implemented as a “drop-in replacement” for current IGUs. The program involves working with supply chain partners to ensure component availability, with leading window manufacturers to integrate the key technology elements and initially deploy the new designs, and with market pull partners to speed adoptions rates. Market pull partners include building code officials, utility rebate/incentive programs and ENERGY STAR, along with early adopters such as builders targeting net zero and passive house designers.
Title: Valuing Energy Efficiency and Distributed Energy Resources in the Built Environment
Author: Monisha Shah, Dave Roberts, Eric Wilson, Dylan Culter, Ben Polly, Elaine Hale, Janet Reyna, Annabelle Pratt, and Mark Ruth, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Elaine Ulrich, U.S. Department of Energy
Abstract: Traditionally, analytical frameworks that underpin building energy policy have focused on the need to reduce annual energy consumption by assessing the cost and efficiency performance of energy-consuming technologies. Investments in distributed energy resources (DERs) such as photovoltaics (PV) have generally been evaluated independently, but also on a cost and performance basis. However, buildings are rapidly evolving to incorporate technologies that not just consume energy, but also generate, store, and control energy loads. Concurrently, the electric grid is becoming more dynamic and variable due to the increased proportion of electricity production from variable renewable sources. To that end, building energy policy analytical frameworks should be updated to include the interactions between energy efficiency and DERs as well as potential value streams for the grid and building owner that technologies or packages of technologies might offer. As buildings with DERs and controllable loads are able to provide grid services or optimize operations based on electricity rates and grid conditions, the temporal and spatial nature of these technologies should also be incorporated into design decisions. To explore these questions further, NREL will use a series of building and electric grid models to simulate the design and operation of a neighborhood of buildings under various electricity rates, grid conditions, and potential compensation scenarios. Scenarios of time-sensitive values for future grid services will also be constructed for use in the analysis. New metrics that can be used in building energy policies will also be explored to capture the responsiveness or flexibility of high-efficiency buildings with DERs under various electric grid conditions and future scenarios. Initial outcomes will be ready by spring 2019.
Author: Ruth Taylor, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Mary Matteson Bryan, P.E. Energy Engineering; Chris Wolgamott, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
Abstract: Lighting control systems are often advocated as a key driver for achieving future energy savings. They are being mandated through building energy codes, and utilities are promoting them through incentive programs. In response, control manufacturers are developing and marketing systems as “easy” to install and configure. However, current market adoption is low and anecdotal evidence indicates there are significant challenges to successful installation and operation (DOE 2017). The long-term savings promised from widespread adoption of lighting controls will not be realized without initial successful installation and operation.
What happens in the real world when these systems are installed and configured? To find out, The Next Generation Lighting Systems program performed evaluations of the installation and configuration of connected, “easy-to-install” systems of LED luminaires and controls in a real-world setting. The evaluation included connected lighting systems installed in functioning classrooms and was conducted over several months. Installations of both new luminaires and retrofit kits were evaluated.
This paper provides a frank discussion of helpful – if difficult – lessons learned from the evaluations. The installation contractors faced numerous challenges during installation and startup, and few systems were judged to be truly “easy.” Specific examples of challenges, such as ineffective documentation and unfamiliar vocabulary, are described. Other findings explored in depth include system architecture, configuration tools, user interface/wall controls, and documentation. Recommendations for overcoming these challenges are provided. In addition, recommendations are included for utility program design that could help advance successful installation and operation of connected lighting control systems.