What is the LEAD Tool?
The Low-Income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) Tool is an online, interactive platform that helps users make data-driven decisions on energy goals and program planning by improving their understanding of low-income and moderate-income household energy characteristics. The LEAD Tool offers the ability to select and combine geographic areas (state, county, city and census tract) into one customized group so users can see the total area for their customized geographies (e.g., specific service territories).
What Data is on LEAD?
Geographic Boundaries
- National, state, county, tribal, city, disadvantaged communities, and census tract boundaries.
- Includes 50 states, DC, Puerto Rico, and federally recognized tribes.
Energy Expenditures
- Average annual energy cost
- Average energy burden (% income)
Household Characteristics
Households can be broken down by:
- Area Median Income (AMI)1
- State Median Income (SMI)1
- Federal Poverty Level (FPL)2
- Race, Household Income, Education, & Demographic
Housing Unit Characteristics
Users can analyze energy expenditures by:
- Occupant type (owner, renter)
- Building age
- Building type
- Number of units in building
- Primary heating fuel type
1. AMI and SMI categories: 0-30%, 30-50%, 50-80%, 80-100%, 100+%
2. FPL categories: 0-100%, 100-138%, 138%-200%, 200-400%, 400%+
LEAD Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS 5-yr 2016-2020); Energy Information Administration’s utility data. Annual data refresh in June 2024 (ACS 5-year 2018-2022)
Learn More About LEAD Tool Data
Energy cost is defined as the amount of household expenditures spent on electricity, gas (utility and bottled), and other fuels (including fuel oil, wood, etc.). LEAD does not include transportation costs when developing energy cost metrics; however both these metrics can be examined in the Household Energy and Transportation Burden layer on the State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE) platform.
Energy burden is defined as the percentage of gross household income spent on energy costs. It is calculated by dividing the average housing energy cost by the average annual household income. A household with 6% or greater energy burden is considered to be a high energy burden household.
According to data on the LEAD tool, the national average energy burden for low-income households is 6% (i.e. an AMI of 0-80% as defined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development), which is three times higher than that for non-low-income households, which is estimated at 2%. In some areas, depending on location and income, energy burden can be higher than 30%. Per the data available from the U.S Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) data, 42% of U.S. households, or about 51 million, are identified as low-income.
There are a number of different factors that could increase energy burden for households. Examples include higher-cost fuels, such as propane or other bottled fuels, and energy-inefficient homes. Energy-inefficiency can in part be due to a lack of insulation in older homes and older appliances. For households that face these challenges, there is a greater potential for quick energy and cost savings solutions. However, communities with low-income households face barriers to accessing energy technologies that can help make energy more affordable, like installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. In 2022, per a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) report, approximately 45% of solar PV adopters were categorized as “low-and-moderate income”, while only 23% were categorized as “low-income."
There are factors that can prevent low-income households from accessing energy technologies, including a lack of qualifying credit and the inability to finance upgrades. LEAD Tool data estimates that 52% of low-income households are renters—not owners—of their homes. This percentage of renters further compounds the issue into a split incentive—landlords may not be motivated to pay for energy improvements, leaving potential energy bill savings out of reach for the low-income tenants.
Energy efficiency and weatherization measures not only help to lower energy bills for low-income households, but also improve indoor air quality, safety, and comfort, thereby positively impacting human health. When hiring locally, these projects also help to shore up neighborhood housing stock and create local jobs where they are often needed.
It is important to note that there are several different scales used to identify low- and moderate-income households in the United States. These scales have been used in the past determine who is eligible for various federal- and state-funded programs and are adjusted every year due to inflation. Further, there is no direct relationship between these scales and there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach to poverty because different states and cities across the United States have varying costs of living.
A census tract that meets the threshold for: 1) environmental, climate, or other burdens, and 2) an associated socio-economic burden is marked as disadvantaged as defined by the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool (CJEST).
LEAD Tool Resources
Factsheet, Methodology, & Data
Case Studies
- National Grid: Used the LEAD Tool to target energy affordability services to eligible customers in New York State.
- State of Kentucky: Used LEAD Tool data to fund energy efficiency programs for the State of Kentucky.
- Carrboro, North Carolina: Supported Carrboro in achieving building efficiencies for low-income households.
- New Haven, Connecticut: Assisted New Haven to target low-income household energy savings.
- Rochester, New York: Assisted Rochester in reducing energy costs for low-income households.
Webinars and Tutorials
- Training and Tutorial of LEAD: A webinar that walks a user through the LEAD tool as it looks today.
- A Webinar Demonstration on LEAD: A webinar that guides state and local government users through the uses and functionalities of the LEAD tool.
- An Introductory LEAD Webinar: A webinar for State Energy Offices that walks through use-cases from LEAD. The portion on LEAD starts at 30 minutes and 18 seconds.
- Step-by-Step LEAD Guide: A complimentary resource to the “Training and Tutorial of LEAD” webinar, this guide walks users through the LEAD tool.
Next Step Resources
- State and Local Planning for Energy Platform (SLOPE): Explore energy and environmental justice data layers such as LMI electricity bill savings potential and rooftop solar potential.
- Clean Energy for Low Income Communities Accelerator (CELICA) Toolkit: This toolkit provides materials to help program administrators reduce energy burden for low-income communities.
- DOE’s Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) Resource Hub: Provides weatherization services to approximately 35,000 homes every year using DOE funds.
- DOE’s Home Energy Rebates Program: Rebates can help households save money on select home improvement projects that can lower energy bills.
- ENERGY STAR’s Information on Federal Tax Credits for Energy Efficiency: Through 2032, federal income tax credits are available to homeowners, that will allow up to $3,200 annually to lower the cost of energy efficient home upgrades by up to 30 percent.
- All State & Local Solution Center Resources: Searchable resources to enable strategic investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies.
Connect with Us
Let us know how the LEAD Tool supports your energy goals, and what additional features can further support your work.
Share your feedback and questions with us at LEAD.Tool@hq.doe.gov.
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